| In your APA Style thesis or dissertation, the reference | | | | economy [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from (website |
| list provides an alphabetical listing of all the sources you | | | | address) |
| used to create your paper. When creating an APA | | | | GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT. Because such a |
| Style reference list, which some people call a | | | | document usually doesn't include an author, list the |
| bibliography, you have to follow specific APA | | | | governmental division in the alphabetical list. |
| formatting rules, depending on the type of source | | | | * Department of the Treasury. (2005). Economic |
| involved. | | | | growth forecast, 2006-2010 (Publication number |
| First, let's discuss some basic rules about the | | | | 2005-10-0032). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government |
| reference list. | | | | Printing Office. |
| AUTHORS. List the author's last name, followed by the | | | | PERIODICALS. When using a magazine or newspaper |
| initials. If you have more than one author for a source, | | | | as a source, list the author, date of publication, article |
| list each one individually, until you've listed the sixth | | | | title, name of the periodical, and page numbers used. |
| author, then use "et al." for any subsequent authors. | | | | * Johnson, J. T. (2006, November 29). Governments |
| When listing more than one author, use an ampersand | | | | invest in technology. New York Times, p. B1. |
| (&) instead of the word "and" ahead of the final | | | | A journal requires slightly different formatting. Be sure |
| author in the list. | | | | to include the issue number in italics ahead of the page |
| INDENTION. After the first line of each source, indent | | | | number(s). |
| each subsequent line about one-half inch, creating a | | | | * Johnson, J. T. (2005). Technology controls local |
| hanging indention for each source. | | | | economies. Journal of Economic Growth, 7, 423-427. |
| ORDERING. Alphabetize the entire list by the authors' | | | | VIDEO. If citing a movie as a source, list the producer, |
| last names. If you have more than one source from an | | | | director, date of publication, title, country of origin, and |
| author, list the earliest source first. | | | | studio. |
| PUNCTUATION. Capitalize all major words in the titles | | | | * David, L., Bender, L., & Burns, S. Z. (Producers), |
| of the works that you're citing for journals, but not | | | | Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2005). An inconvenient truth |
| books. With longer pieces of works, such as books | | | | [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Classics. |
| and journals, italicize the titles. Do not italicize shorter | | | | II. Citing a television show follows a similar format. |
| pieces of work, such as essays. | | | | * Jones, G. (Producer). (2000, Sept. 6). The nightly |
| I. Reference List Examples | | | | news [Television broadcast]. New York: Public |
| Next, here are some examples for listing various | | | | Broadcasting System. |
| sources in APA Style. | | | | III. Odd Situations |
| BOOKS. Include the year of publication, the book title, | | | | SAME AUTHOR, SAME YEAR. If you end up with |
| the publisher's location and name, along with the | | | | several sources from the same author, some of which |
| author's name(s). | | | | were published in the same year, use an "a" and "b" |
| *Johnson, T. J., & Smith, X. Q. (2003). Economic | | | | designation to differentiate between the two sources |
| growth in Africa. New York: Jones Brothers Publishers. | | | | in your alphabetical listing. |
| ELECTRONIC SOURCES. List the author's name, if | | | | * Johnson, J. T. (2006a). Technology in economy. |
| known; date of publication, if known; title of the online | | | | Economist Magazine, 113, 17-18. |
| article or Web page; volume or issue number, if known; | | | | * Johnson, J. T. (2006b). Economic conditions |
| date of retrieval; and Internet address. The first | | | | worldwide. Economist Magazine, 115, 23. |
| example is from an online periodical. | | | | SECONDARY SOURCE. If you've used a secondary |
| * Johnson, T. J., & Smith, X. Q. (2004). Determining | | | | source in your paper that references another work, |
| technology's role in economic growth. Retrieved | | | | you should refer to the original work and use a citation |
| August 20, 2007, from (website address) | | | | for the secondary source in the main text. In the |
| If you're simply referencing a standard Web page, use | | | | reference list, however, only list the secondary source. |
| this format. | | | | IV. Finally, for additional information on formatting |
| * Tracking the Economy Web site. (2006). Report on | | | | sources in a reference list, look at the Publication |
| technology's growth. Retrieved May 16, 2007, from | | | | Manual of the American Psychological Association or |
| (website address) | | | | visit the APA Web site, where you'll find some online |
| For sourcing an online lecture or presentation, follow | | | | resources designed specifically for formatting online |
| this example. | | | | sources. |
| * Johnson, T. J. (2006). Technology's role in the | | | | |